1) mapa de concentração da variável "ELEV" na área mapeada :

• data(oxford) 
  
• oxford.grid <- GridTopology(c(000,540),c(1.4,1.1),c(100,100)) 
  
• oxford.grid <- SpatialPoints(oxford.grid) 
  
• coordinates(oxford) = ~XCOORD+YCOORD 
  
• gridded(oxford.grid) = ~XCOORD+YCOORD 
  
• m <- vgm(0.01589055,"Sph", 361.9507, 0.00000000)
  
• pred <- krige(log(ELEV)~1, oxford, oxford.grid, model = m, nmax=10)
  
• spplot(pred["var1.pred"], main = "Krigagem Ordinária", xlab="XCOORD(m)", ylab= "YCOORD(m)") 
  

2) Mapa base:

• data(oxford) 
  
• amazon<-oxford
  
• plot(oxford[,2],oxford[,3],xlab="XCOORD",ylab="YCOORD",main="Mapa base ELEV") 
  

4) Construção do Histograma:

• data(oxford) 
  
• amazon <- oxford
  
• x.norm<- amazon$ELEV
  
• h<-hist(x.norm,breaks=7)
  
• xhist<-c(min(h$breaks),h$breaks)
  
• yhist<-c(0,h$density,0) 
  
• xfit<-seq(4,8,by=1.0)
  
• yfit<-dnorm(xfit,mean=mean(x.norm),sd=sd(x.norm)) 
  
• plot(xhist,yhist,type="s",ylim=c(0,max(yhist,yfit)),xlab="ELEVE",ylab="Frequência relativa",main="Histograma ELEV ")
  

• data(oxford)
  
• h<-oxford
  
• boxplot(h$ELEV,range=1.5, main='Box-Plot da variavel ELEV')
  

6) Variograma Experimental:

• data(oxford)
  
• g <- gstat(id="ELEV", formula=log(ELEV)~1, locations=~XCOORD+YCOORD, data= oxford)
  
• graf<-variogram(g)
  
• plot(graf, main="Variograma experimental de ELEV",xlab="Distância",ylab="Variância")
  

7) variograma ajustado: 

• data(oxford)
• vgm1<-variogram(log(ELEV)~1, locations=~XCOORD+YCOORD, data=oxford)
  
• lines(vgm1[,2],vgm1[,3],col="blue")
  
• v<-vgm(f$psill[2], "Sph",f$range[2],f$psill[1])
  
• f<-fit.variogram(vgm1,vgm(0.016, "Sph", 450, 0.05))
  
• ff<-variogramLine(v,maxdist=500 ,n = 15 , min =90 )
  
• plot(ff,col= "blue")
• points(vgm1[,2],vgm1[,3],col = "red")
  
• lines(ff[,1],ff[,2], col = "blue")
  
•